Diabetes mellitus in pet animals
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56286/ntujavs.v4i1.728Keywords:
Diabetes mellitus, pet animals, cats, dogsAbstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a recurrent trouble found in humans and animals, especially dogs and cats. Clinical symptoms include hyperglycemia with glycosuria, and using the documentation of their persistencefor diagnosis. The insurance that the owners of cats or dogs have the ability to administer of insulin, perceive the clinical symptoms of deficiency control DM, and observe of glucose concentrations in blood, are important steps in the successful management of DM. Treatment by using insulin twice daily with the diet diversity is very useful in the management insulin resistance and obesity in dogs. In cats, the first treatment includes moving to a diet of low-carbohydrates accompanied by an injection of insulin twice daily. Amnesty rates in cats can be more than 90%, while in dogs the disease, with the omission of a bias disorder, is usually life-long. This manuscript aim to detail the achievable classification, pathogenesis and etiology of impulsive DM in pet animals and spotlight innovative conducted research in this area.
References
. Catchpole, B., Adams, J.P., Holder, A.L., Short A.D., Ollier, W.E. and Kennedy, L.J. (2013) Genetics of canine diabetes mellitus: Are the diabetes susceptibility genes identified in humans involved in breed susceptibility to diabetes mellitus in dogs? Vet. J., 195: 139-147.
. American Diabetes Association. (2014) Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 37: S81-S90.
. Robinson, W.F., Robinson, N.A. and Maxie, M.G. (2016) .Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmar’s Pathology of Domestic Animals. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO. p1-101.
. Akash, M.S., Rehman, K. and Chen, S. (2013) An overview of valuable scientific models for diabetes mellitus. Curr. Diabetes Rev., 9: 286-93.
. Ganguly, S. (2014) Canine diabetes mellitus: Diagnosis, adequate care and overall management practices involved. Int. J. Pharm. Life Sci., 5: 4022-4023.
. American Diabetes Association( 2013). Standards of medical care in diabetes –2013. Diabetes Care 36 (Suppl 1) S11–S66. (doi:10.2337/dc13-S011)
. Fall, T., Hamlin, H.H., Hedhammar, A., Kämpe, O., and Egenvall, A. (2007). Diabetes mellitus in a population of 180,000 insured dogs: incidence, survival, and breed distribution. J. Vet. Intern. Med., 21: 120.
. Rucinsky, R., Cook, A., Haley, S., et al.(2010) AAHA diabetes management guidelines for dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc;46(3):215–24.
. Gilor. C. (2019).Discussing prognosis for canine diabetes mellitus: do we have relevant data? Vet Rec.,185(22):689 –91.
. Link. K.R., Rand, J.S.(2008). Changes in blood glucose concentration are associatewith relatively rapid changes in circulating fructosamine concentrations in cats. J Feline Med Surg .,10(6):583–92.
. Davison, L.J.(2015). Diabetes mellitus and pancreatitis–cause or effect? J Small Anim Pract .,56(1):50–9.
. Mattin, M.J., O’Neill, D.G., Church, D.B., McGreevy, P.D.Thomson, P.C. and Brodbelt, D.C. (2014) An epidemiological study of diabetes mellitus in dogs attending first opinion practice in the UK. Vet. Microbiol., 174: 349.
. Roomp, K., Rand, J. (2012).Evaluation of detemir in diabetic cats managed with a protocol for intensive blood glucose control. J Feline Med Surg .,14(8):566–72.
. Alvarez, M.S., Herrería-Bustillo, V., Utset, A.F. and Martínez, J. (2015). Juvenile diabetes mellitus and concurrent exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in a Labrador retriever: long-term management. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 51: 419-423.
. O’Kell, A.L., Wasserfall, C., Catchpole, B., Davison, L.J., Hess, R.S., Kushner, J.A. and Atkinson, M.A. (2017) . Comparative pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes in humans, nod mice, and canines: Has a valuable animal model of Type 1 diabetes been overlooked? Diabetes,66: 1443-1452.
. Bellumori, T.P., Famula, T.R., Bannasch, D.L., Belanger, J.M. and Oberbauer, A.M. (2013) Prevalence of inherited disorders among mixed-breed and purebred dogs: 27, 254 cases (1995-2010). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 242: 1549-1555.
. Gilor, C., Niessen, S.J., Furrow, E. and Di Bartola, S.P. (2016) What’s in a name? Classification of diabetes mellitus in veterinary medicine and why it matters. J. Vet. Intern. Med., 30: 927-940.
. Verkest, K.R., Rand, J.S., Fleeman, L.M., Morton, J.M. & Herrtage, M.E.( 2012). Spontaneously obese dogs exhibit greater postprandial glucose, triglyceride, and insulin concentrations than lean dogs. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 42 103–112. (doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2011. 10.002).
. Hoenig, M. (2014) Comparative aspects of human, canine, and feline obesity and factors predicting progression to diabetes. Vet. Sci., 1(2): 12.
. Reusch, C.E. (2014) Feline diabetes mellitus. In: Feldman, E.C., Nelson, R.W., Reusch, C.E., ScottMoncrieff, J.C.R. and Behrend, E.N., editors. Canine and Feline Endocrinology. 4th ed. Elsevier, St. Louis, MO. p258-314.
. Will, S.E., Júnior, J.C., Alcântara, D., Fratini, P., Favaron, P.O., Miglino, M.A. and Neto, A.C. (2017) Stem cell therapy to restore pancreatic function in dogs and cats. Braz. J. Vet. Pathol., 5: 99-105.
. Zini, E., Lunardi, F., Zanetti, R., Heller, R.S., Coppola, L.M., Ferro, S., Guscetti, F., Osto, M., Lutz, T.A., Reusch, C.E. and Cavicchioli, L. (2016). Endocrine pancreas in cats with diabetes mellitus. Vet Pathol., 53: 136-144.
. Zheng, S., Zhou, H., Han, T., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, W. and Hu, Y. (2015). Clinical characteristics and beta cell function in Chinese patients with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes mellitus with different levels of serum triglyceride. BMC Endocr. Disord., 15: 21.
. Slingerland, L.I., Fazilova, V.V., Plantinga, E.A., Kooistra, H.S. & Beynen, A.C.( 2009).Indoor confinement and physical inactivity rather than the proportion of dry food are risk factors in the development of feline type 2 diabetes mellitus. Veterinary Journal 179 247–253. (doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.08.035).
. Hoenig, M., Thomaseth, K., Waldron, M. & Ferguson, D.C.( 2007). Insulin sensitivity, fat distribution, and adipocytokine response to different diets in lean and obese cats before and after weight loss.AmericanJournal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology.292 227–234. (doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00313.2006).
. Radin, M.J., Sharkey, L.C. & Holycross, B.J.( 2009). Adipokines: a review of biological and analytical principles and an update in dogs, cats, and horses. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 38 136–156. (doi:10.1111/ j.1939-165X.2009.00133.x).
. Hörber,S., Achenbach,P., Schleicher,E. And Peter,A.(2020). Harmonization of immunoassays for biomarkers in diabetes mellitus. Biotechnology Advances 39 (2020) 107359.
. Henson, M.S., O’Brien, T.D.(2006). Feline models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. ILAR J,47:234-42. doi:10.1093/ilar.47.3.234.
. Öhlund, M., Fall, T., Ström Holst ,B., Hansson-Hamlin, H., Bonnett, B.and Egenvall, A.(2015). Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus in Insured Swedish Cats in Relation to Age, Breed and Sex. J Vet Intern Med, 29:1342 doi:10.1111/jvim.1358.
. Öhlund, M., Egenvall, A., Fall, T., Hansson-Hamlin, H., Röcklinsberg, H. and Holst, B.S.(2017). Environmental Risk Factors for Diabetes Mellitus in Cats. J Vet Intern Med;31:29-35. doi:10.1111/ jvim.14618.
. Pöppl, A.G., de Carvalho, G.L.C., Vivian, I.F., Corbellini, .LG.and González, F.H.D. (2017).Canine diabetes mellitus risk factors: A matched case-control study. Res Vet Sci;114:469-73. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.08.003.
. Nelson,R. W. and Reusch, C. E. (2014).ANIMAL MODELS OF DISEASE Classification and etiology of diabetes in dogs and cats. Journal of Endocrinology, 222, T1–T9.
. Catchpole, B., Kennedy, L.J., Davison, L.J.and Ollier, W.E.R. (2019).Canine diabetes mellitus: from phenotype to genotype. J Small Anim Pract.:4–10.
. Usui, S., Yasuda, H.and Koketsu, Y. (2015).Characteristics of dogs having diabetes mellitus; analysis of data from private Japanese veterinary clinics. Vet Med Anim Sci.;3(1):5.
. Miceli, D.D., Pignataro, O.P. and Castillo, V.A. (2017).Concurrent hyperadrenocorticism and diabetes mellitus in dogs. Res Vet Sci. :115:425–31.
. Miller, E.J. and Brines, C.M. (2018).Canine diabetes mellitus associated ocular disease. Top Companion Anim Med.;33(1):29-34.
. Chatterjee. S., Khunti, K. and Davies, M.J. (2017).Type 2 diabetes. Lancet;389:2239-51. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17):30058-2.
. Kumar, P., Kumari, R.R., Kumar, M.,Kumar, S. and Chakrabarti, A.(2014). Currentpractices and research updates on diabetesmellitus in canine. Veterinary World,7(11):952-959.
. Tardo, A.M., Baldo, F.D., Dondi, F., Pietra, M., Chiocchetti, R. and Fracassi, F. (2019).Survival estimates and outcome predictors in dogs with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus treated in a veterinary teaching hospital. Vet Rec. , 185(22):692.
. Palm, C.A., Boston, R.C., Refsal, K.R., et al. (2099).An investigation of the action of Neutral Protamine Hagedorn human analogue insulin in dogs with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus. J Vet Intern Med .,23(1): 50–5.
. Valentin, S.Y. (2014).Clinical findings, diagnostic test results, and treatment outcome in cats with spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism: 30 cases. J Vet Intern Med:28(2):481–7.
. Hess, R.S.and Drobatz ,K.J.(2013). Glargine insulin for treatment of naturally occurring diabetes mellitus in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc.;243(8):1154–61
. Nelson, R.W., Henley, K., Cole, C., et al.(2099). Field safety and efficacy of prot amine zinc recombinant human insulin for treatment of diabetes mel litus in cats. J Vet Intern Med;23(4):78
. Heeley,A.M., O’Neil’, D.G., Davison, L.J., Church, D.B., Corless, E.K. and Brodbelt, D.C. (2020).Diabetes mellitus in dogs attending UK primary-care practices: frequency, risk factors and survival. Canine Medicine and Genetics .7:6.
. Nelson, R.W., Feldman,E.C., Reusch,C.E., Scott-Moncrieff, J.C.and Behrend,E.N. (eds)(2015). Canine diabetes mellitus. In: Canine and Feline Endocrinology. 4th edition. Elsevier, St Louis, Missouri, (pp213-153).
. Hess, R.S.(2010). Insulin resistance in dogs. Vet Clin N Am: Small Anim Pract.; 40: 309-316.
. Ettinger, S.J., Feldman, E.C.and Côté, E. (2017).Canine diabetes mellitus. In: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. SJ Ettinger and EC Feldman (eds). 8th edition. Elsevier, St Louis, Missouri, (pp1767-1781).
